Myocardial remodeling and arterial stiffness depending on aldosterone level in patients with chronic kidney disease and arterial hypertension
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1237.2019.3.188790Keywords:
chronic kidney disease, hypertension, aldosterone, myocardial remodeling, arterial stiffnessAbstract
The aim. To analyze the relationship between serum aldosterone levels and myocardial remodeling and changes in elastic properties of arteries in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension (AH).
Materials and methods. A cross-secitonal study of 44 patients (14 men and 30 women, aged 56.0 [52.0; 60.5] years) with CKD and AH who were treated with angiotensine-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensine receptor blockers at a stable dose for at least of 3 months was performed. Serum aldosterone levels, elastic properties of the arteries, and transthoracic echocardiography using a standard method were performed. Arterial stiffness was defined as a pulse wave velocity, which was calculated using equation proposed by Arterial Stiffness Society and was measured using a device BAT41-2.
Results. In 8 patients (18.2 %) we detected serum aldosterone levels above 90 pg/ml. The proportion of female patients among patients with normal aldosterone levels was significantly higher (P = 0.03). Patients with elevated aldosterone levels had a 5-year higher median age and 10 ml/min lower glomerular filtration rate. Serum aldosterone levels correlated significantly with myocardial structural and functional parameters (left ventricle (LV) end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions and volumes, LV myocardial mass and LV mass index, thickness of interventricular septum) in men and patients over 55 years of age. Women showed a weak correlation of aldosterone levels with systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Conclusions. An association was found between serum aldosterone levels above 90 pg/ml in patients with CKD and hypertension with dilatation of left ventricular and atrial cavities, and with left ventricular hypertrophy (by LV mass and mass index). This association was stronger for males and for patients aged >55 years. A correlation between aldosterone level and arterial stiffness (augmentation index on the brachial artery and aorta) has only been found in patients over 55 years of age.
References
Thompson, S., James, M., Wiebe, N., Hemmelgarn, B., Manns, B., Klarenbach, S., & Tonelli, M. (2015). Cause of Death in Patients with Reduced Kidney Function. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 26(10), 2504-2511. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014070714
Judd, E., & Calhoun, D. A. (2015). Management of Hypertension in CKD: Beyond the Guidelines. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 22(2), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2014.12.001
Di Lullo, L., Gorini, A., Russo, D., Santoboni, A., & Ronco, C. (2015). Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients : From Pathophysiology to Treatment. Cardiorenal Medicine, 5, 254-266. https://doi.org/10.1159/000435838
Carey, R. M., Whelton, P. K., & Wri, A. A. H. G. (2018). Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Synopsis of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Hypertension Guideline. Annals of Internal Medicine, 168(5), 351-+. https://doi.org/10.7326/m17-3203
Becker, G. J., Wheeler, D. C., De Zeeuw, D., Fujita, T., Furth, S. L., Holdaas, H., . . . Zoccali, C. (2012). Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) blood pressure work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney International Supplements, 2(5), 337-414. https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2012.46
Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redon, J., Zanchetti, A., Bohm, M., & Task Force, M. (2013). 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal, 34(28), 2159-2219. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht151
Piepoli, M. F., Hoes, A. W., Agewall, S., Albus, C., Brotons, C., Catapano, A. L., & Verschuren, W. M. M. (2016). 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. European Heart Journal, 37(29), 2315-+. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106
Narayan, H., & Webb, D. J. (2016). New Evidence Supporting the Use of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockers in Drug-Resistant Hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports, 18(5), Article 34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-016-0643-8
Kritis, A. A., Gouta, C. P., Liaretidou, E. I., & Kallaras, K. I. (2016). Latest aspects of aldosterone actions on the heart muscle. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 67(1), 21-30.
Matsushita, K., Kwak, L., Sang, Y., Ballew, S. H., Skali, H., Shah, A. M., . . . Solomon, S. (2017). Kidney disease measures and left ventricular structure and function: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(9) https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006259
Segall, L., Nistor, I., & Covic, A. (2014). Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Integrative Review. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/937398
Tsuruya, K., & Eriguchi, M. (2015). Cardiorenal syndrome in chronic kidney disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 24(2), 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1097/mnh.0000000000000099
Greve, S. V., Laurent, S., & Olsen, M. H. (2016). Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Calculated from Age and Mean Arterial Blood Pressure. Pulse, 4(4), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1159/000453073
Vlachopoulos, C., Aznaouridis, K., & Stefanadis, C. (2010). Prediction of Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality With Arterial Stiffness A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(13), 1318-1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.061
Yao, X. G., Li, N. F., Zhang, Y. J., Zhang, J. H., Abulikm, S., Zhang, D. L., . . . Kong, J. Q. (2015). Plasma Aldosterone Concentration Is Positively Associated With Pulse Pressure in Patients With Primary Hypertension. Medicine, 94(10), Article e614. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000000614
Gorini, S., Kim, S. K., Infante, M., Mammi, C., La Vignera, S., Fabbri, A., . . . Caprio, M. (2019). Role of Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Cardiovascular Aging. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, Article 584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00584
Upadhya, B., Hundley, W. G., Brubaker, P. H., Morgan, T. M., Stewart, K. P., & Kitzman, D. W. (2017). Effect of Spironolactone on Exercise Tolerance and Arterial Function in Older Adults with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(11), 2374-2382. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14940
Kalizki, T., Schmidt, B. M. W., Raff, U., Reinold, A., Schwarz, T. K., Schneider, M. P., Schmieder, R. E., & Schneider, A. (2017). Low dose-eplerenone treatment decreases aortic stiffness in patients with resistant hypertension. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 19(7), 669-676. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12986
Krasinska, B., Miazga, A., Cofta, S., Szczepaniak-Chichel, L., Trafas, T., Krasinski, Z., . . . Tykarski, A. (2016). Effect of eplerenone on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and arterial stiffness in patients with resistant arterial hypertension. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej-Polish Archives of Internal Medicine, 126(5), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.3410
Beenken, A., & Bomback, A. S. (2017). Aldosterone breakthrough does not alter central hemodynamics. JRAAS - Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, 18(4), 1-5. doi:10.1177/1470320317735002
Pitt, B., Zannad, F., Remme, W. J., Cody, R., Castaigne, A., Perez, A., . . . Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study, I. (1999). The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 341(10), 709-717. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199909023411001
Vaclavik, J., Sedlak, R., Jarkovsky, J., Kocianova, E., & Taborsky, M. (2014). Effect of Spironolactone in Resistant Arterial Hypertension A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (ASPIRANT-EXT). Medicine, 93(27), Article e162. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000000162
Williams, B., MacDonald, T. M., Morant, S., Webb, D. J., Sever, P., McInnes, G., . . . British Hypertension Soc, P. S. (2015). Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet, 386(10008), 2059-2068. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00257-3
Eknoyan, G., Lameire, N., Echardt, K., Kasiske, B., Wheeler, D., & Abboud, O. (2013). KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International Supplements, 3(1), 1–150. https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2012.76
Pro zatverdzhennia ta vprovadzhennia medyko-tekhnolohichnykh dokumentiv zi standartyzatsii medychnoi dopomohy pry arterialnii hipertenzii. Nakaz MOZ Ukrainy vid 24.05.2012 No. 384 [Ministry of Health of Ukraine (2012, May 24). On approval and implementation of medical and technological documents on standardization of medical care for arterial hypertension (No. 384)]. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/rada/show/v0384282-12?lang=en [in Ukrainian].
Mostovoi, Yu. M., & Sidorov, A. A. (2016). Analizy: Normatyvni pokaznyky, traktuvannia zmin: dovidnyk dlia likariv-terapevtiv ta simeinykh likariv [Analyzes: normal ranges, interpretation of changes]. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].
Mattace-Raso, F. U. S., Hofman, A., Verwoert, G. C., Witteman, J. C. M., Wilkinson, I., Cockcroft, J., . . . Reference Values Arterial, S. (2010). Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: 'establishing normal and reference values'. European Heart Journal, 31(19), 2338-2350. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq165
Vymiriuvach arterialnoho tysku VAT41-2: posibnyk z ekspluatatsii [Blood pressure meter VAT41-2. User manual regarding]. Retrieved from https://www.google.com.ua/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi6pbXz5avmAhXAwcQBHaUoB5sQFjABegQIAxAK&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ics-tech.kiev.ua%2Fdopcont%2Fvat41-2.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2wnwrsCSMk9VAk2hDYFour [in Ukrainian].
R Core Team (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna: Austria. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/
Sarkar, D. (2008). Lattice. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag New York. Retrieved from http://lmdvr.r-forge.r-project.org
Firke, S. (2018). Janitor: Simple tools for examining and cleaning dirty data. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=janitor
Tomek, J., & Bub, G. (2017). Hypertension-induced remodelling: on the interactions of cardiac risk factors. Journal of Physiology-London, 595(12), 4027-4036. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp273043
Williams, B., Cockcroft, J. R., Kario, K., Zappe, D. H., Brunel, P. C., Wang, Q., & Guo, W. N. (2017). Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan Versus Olmesartan on Central Hemodynamics in the Elderly With Systolic Hypertension The PARAMETER Study. Hypertension, 69(3), 411-+. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08556
Kuryata, O. V., & Garmish, I. P. (2018). Riven proteinurii ta stan endotelialnoi funktsii sudyn u khvorykh na khronichnu khvorobu nyrok u poiednanni z subklinichnym hipotyreozom pid vplyvom antyhipertensyvnoi terapii [The level of proteinuria and the state of endothelial function in patients with chronic kidney disease combined with subclinical hypothyroidism under the influence of combined antihypertensive therapy]. Medicni Perspektivi, 23(2), 19-24. [in Ukrainian]. https://doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2018.2(part1).129510
Lieb, W., Larson, M. G., Benjamin, E. J., Yin, X., Tofler, G. H., Selhub, J., . . . Mitchell, G. F. (2009). Multimarker Approach to Evaluate Correlates of Vascular Stiffness The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 119(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.816108
Chen, W., Li, S. X., Fernandez, C., Sun, D. J. Y., Lai, C. C., Zhang, T., . . . Deng, H. W. (2016). Temporal Relationship Between Elevated Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffening Among Middle-Aged Black and White Adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 183(7), 599-608. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv274
Jacobs, D. R., Duprez, D. A., & Shimbo, D. (2016). Invited Commentary: Hypertension and Arterial Stiffness-Origins Remain a Dilemma. American Journal of Epidemiology, 183(7), 609-612. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv276
Peralta, C. A., Adeney, K. L., Shlipak, M. G., Jacobs, D., Duprez, D., Bluemke, D., . . . Kestenbaum, B. R. (2010). Structural and Functional Vascular Alterations and Incident Hypertension in Normotensive Adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp319
Moss, M. E., Carvajal, B., & Jaffe, I. Z. (2019). The endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor: Contributions to sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.009
Coutinho, T., Borlaug, B. A., Pellikka, P. A., Turner, S. T., & Kullo, I. J. (2013). Sex Differences in Arterial Stiffness and Ventricular-Arterial Interactions. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61(1), 96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.997
Hoang, K., Lee, B., Gardin, J., Carnethon, M., Mukamal, K., Yanez, D., & Wong, N. (2009). Left Ventricular Mass as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Elderly Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes. Circulation, 120(18), S544-S545.
Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D. E., Colvin, M. M., . . . Westlake, C. (2017). 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(6), 776-+. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025
Kou, S., Caballero, L., Dulgheru, R., Voilliot, D., De Sousa, C., Kacharava, G., . . . Lancellotti, P. (2014). Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac chamber size: results from the NORRE study. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging, 15(6), 680-690. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jet284
Zannad, F., Ferreira, J. P., & Pitt, B. (2019). Potassium binders for the prevention of hyperkalaemia in heart failure patients: implementation issues and future developments. European Heart Journal Supplements, 21(A), A55-A60. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suy034
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (SeeThe Effect of Open Access).