Serum zinc concentrations and indices of inflammatory response and serum IgA in children with infectious diarrhea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1237.2024.3.304676Keywords:
zinc, cytokines, IgA, C-reactive protein, calprotectin, lactoferrin, infectious diarrhea, viral infection, bacterial infectionAbstract
Аim. The objective of this study was to give a comparative characteristic of laboratory manifestations for the inflammatory process and the level of serum IgA in infectious diarrhea in young children, depending on serum zinc concentrations.
Materials and methods. The study included 99 children aged 1 to 36 months with the clinical picture of infectious diarrhea. The main group was divided into the first subgroup comprising 77 children with normal blood zinc level during hospitalization; the second contained 22 children with reduced blood zinc level. On the day of hospitalization, the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), zinc (Zn) and the presence of fecal calprotectin (FC) and lactoferrin (LF) were determined. The level of interleukins and serum IgA was determined in 34 children of the main group (16 for the first subgroup, and 18 for the second one) on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days. The comparison group consisted of 10 children without signs of infectious pathology.
Results. There were no significant differences between the subgroups in terms of the frequency of registering an increase in blood CRP level (in 21 children (27.27 %) of the first subgroup, and 7 children (31.81 %) of the second one) and its level. Qualitatively determined FC and LF did not demonstrate any significant difference between the comparison subgroups. The level of IL-10 in the blood serum of children of both subgroups was higher than that of the comparison group (p = 0.001 for the first subgroup and p = 0.04 for the second). In the dynamics, the concentration of IL-10 tended to decrease in patients with a reduced blood Zn level. The level of IL-1β in the first subgroup (0.28 (0.12; 0.68) pg/ml) corresponded to the indicators of healthy children (0.32 (0.12; 0.78) pg/ml). Patients of the second subgroup had lower concentrations of IL-1β (p = 0.05). In the dynamics, a significant increase in the concentration of this cytokine was noted in patients of the second subgroup, but it remained significantly lower than in healthy subjects (p = 0.01). The concentration of IL-6 in the serum of children in the comparison subgroups did not differ statistically both at the onset of the disease and in the dynamics. The level of serum IgA on the fifth day of treatment was significantly reduced in children with a reduced blood Zn level (p = 0.03).
Conclusions. Blood CRP, PC, and GFR did not show dependence on serum Zn concentration in children with infectious diarrhea. Children with low Zn levels at the onset of the disease have an imbalance in the inflammatory response system. In children with low blood Zn concentration, a decrease in the concentration of serum IgA on the fifth day of treatment was determined.
References
Kim B, Lee WW. Regulatory Role of Zinc in Immune Cell Signaling. Moleculesandcells. 2021;44(5):335-41. doi: https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2021.0061
Maywald M, Wessels I, Rink L. Zinc Signals and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2222. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102222
Maares M, Haase H. Zinc and immunity: An essential interrelation. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2016;611:58-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.022
Alker W, Haase H. Zinc and Sepsis. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):976. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080976
Kramarov SO, Yevtushenko VV, Yevtushenko OM. [The value of zinc in infectious diseases in children]. Aktualna infektolohiia. 2020;8(1):17-24. Ukrainian. doi: https://doi.org/10.22141/2312-413x.8.1.2020.196167
Knez M, Stangoulis JCR. Dietary Zn deficiency, the current situation and potential solutions. Nutr Res Rev. 2023;36(2):199-215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422421000342
Sanna A, Firinu D, Zavattari P, Valera P. Zinc Status and Autoimmunity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):68. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010068
Ohashi W, Fukada T. Contribution of Zinc and Zinc Transporters in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:8396878. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8396878
Teriv PS, Shkurupii DA. Defitsyt tsynku: aktsent na pytanniakh intensyvnoi terapii hostroi tserebralnoi nedostatnosti. In: Boichuk YD, editor. Zahalna teoriia zdorovia ta zdoroviazberezhennia. Kharkiv: Vydavnytstvo Rozhko SH; 2017, p. 153-8. Ukrainian. Available from: http://repository.pdmu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/4888/3/dca.pdf
Mayer LS, Uciechowski P, Meyer S, Schwerdtle T, Rink L, Haase H. Differential impact of zinc deficiency on phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Metallomics. 2014;6(7):1288-95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/c4mt00051j
Gammoh NZ, RinkL. Zinc in Infection and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):624. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060624
Galant-Swafford J. Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency and the Microbiome. Crit Rev Immunol. 2021;41(6):1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2022042293
Zhang J, van Oostrom D, Li J, Savelkoul HF. Innate Mechanisms in Selective IgA Deficiency. Front Immunol. 2021;12:649112. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.649112
Lężyk-Ciemniak E, Tworkiewicz M, Wilczyńska D, Szaflarska-Popławska A, Krogulska A. Usefulness of Testing for Fecal Calprotectin in Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinical Practice. Med Princ Pract. 2021;30(4):311-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000512631
Khaki-Khatibi F, Qujeq D, Kashifard M, Moein S, Maniati M, Vaghari-Tabari M. Calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;510:556-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.025
CisarÒ F, Pizzol A, Rigazio C, Calvo PL. Fecal calprotectin in the pediatric population: a 2020 update. Minerva Pediatr. 2020;72(6):514-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.20.06002-8
Mousavi SM, Djafarian K, Mojtahed A, Varkaneh HK, Shab-Bidar S. The effect of zinc supplementation on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2018;834:10-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.019
Ceylan MN, Akdas S, Yazihan N. The Effects of Zinc Supplementation on C-Reactive Protein and Inflammatory Cytokines: A Meta-Analysis and Systematical Review. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2021;41(3):81-101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2020.0209
Cui G, Yuan A, Sun Z, Zheng W, Pang Z. IL-1β/IL-6 network in the tumor microenvironment of human colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 2018;214(7):986-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2018.05.011
Ridker PM, Rane M. Interleukin-6 Signaling and Anti-Interleukin-6 Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2021;128(11):1728-46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077
Ng A, Tam WW, Zhang MW, Ho CS, Husain SF, McIntyre RS, et al. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF- α and CRP in Elderly Patients with Depression or Alzheimer's disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SciRep. 2018;8(1):12050. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30487-6
Qin F, Wu H, Li X, Han J. Correlation between changes in gut flora and serum inflammatory factors in children with noninfectious diarrhea. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(1):300060519896154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060519896154
Kelly CP, Chen X, Williams D, Xu H, Cuddemi CA, Daugherty K, et al. Host Immune Markers Distinguish Clostridioides difficile Infection From Asymptomatic Carriage and Non-C. difficile Diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(6):1083-93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz330
Yusuf S, Soenarto Y, Juffrie M, Lestariana W. The effect of zinc supplementation on pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1 AND IL-6) in mice with Escherichia coli LPS-induced diarrhea. Iran J Microbiol. 2019;11(5):412-8.
Kewcharoenwong C, Schuster GU, Wessells KR, Hinnouho GM, Barffour MA, Kounnavong S, et al. Daily Preventive Zinc Supplementation Decreases Lymphocyte and Eosinophil Concentrations in Rural Laotian Children from Communities with a High Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr. 2020;150(8):2204-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa037
York AG, Skadow MH, Oh J, Qu R, Zhou QD, Hsieh WY, et al. IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism to limit inflammation. Nature. 2024;627(8004):628-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07098-5
Hansen AL, Reily C, Novak J, Renfrow MB. Immunoglobulin A Glycosylation and Its Role in Disease. Exp Suppl. 2021;112:433-77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_14
Mkaddem SB, Christou I, Rossato E, Berthelot L, Lehuen A, Monteiro RC. IgA, IgA receptors, and their anti-inflammatory properties. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2014;382:221-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_10
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (SeeThe Effect of Open Access).
